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Architectural Ironmonger Jeremy Barltrop, from G Johns & Sons, a leading Ironmonger, takes us on a journey to discover the metal that built Britain.
The discovery of iron was a significant milestone in Ancient Britain that occurred around 800 BC (in a period we now know as The Iron Age). Ancient Britons learned how to extract iron from ores and forge it into tools and weapons, replacing bronze – an alloy that required tin and copper. Iron - unlike bronze - was a lot more durable and readily available in Britain’s soil. Iron began to be used throughout various aspects of life including farming and warfare to create stronger and more efficient tools and weapons.
Early ironworking techniques involved a simple furnace where iron ore was heated with charcoal and hammered to remove impurities and produce workable metal tools. Iron transformed society, as robust ploughs made farming more efficient, iron-tipped spears and swords were created for use in conflicts and defence and axes and knives were used for everyday tasks.
The Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 and strongly influenced how iron was used in Britain, introducing advanced ironworking techniques to improve iron production efficiency. A simple furnace was upgraded to a blast furnace, which reached higher temperatures and created larger quantities of iron. Water power was used to drive bellows, improving airflow and the quality of the smelted iron.
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During the mediaeval period (5th – 15th centuries), iron production, i.e. smelting (extracting iron from iron ore) was refined even further due to increased demand. Water-powered hammers, or trip hammers and blast furnaces helped boost iron production.
Iron was heavily used in castle construction, mainly for structural and defence purposes, like creating robust gates and reinforcing elements for stone walls. Iron nails, hinges, and locks were essential components of castle architecture. In weaponry, iron continued to be used for making swords, spears, armour, and arrowheads.
The Tudor period (1485 – 1603) saw more progress in iron production and usage. More blast furnaces were created and smelting was used to produce coke - a fuel that left behind pure iron. Iron became more widely available and affordable, so ironwork became more prominent.
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The Industrial Revolution (late 18th – early 19th centuries) saw the use of iron expand even further. The blast furnace, steam engine and coke-fuelled smelting revolutionised ironmaking to make iron more accessible and affordable.
Abraham Darby perfected the use of coke in blast furnaces in the early 18th century, and Henry Cort developed the puddling process in 1784 significantly increasing iron production and quality.
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The Victorian Era (1837 – 1901) was the golden age of iron architecture and engineering as the Bessemer process allowed for the mass production of steel inexpensively.
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Today, in Britain iron and its alloy, steel, remain essential in construction and manufacturing. Modern ironworking techniques have evolved, with advanced methods like electric arc furnaces and continuous casting processes improving efficiency and sustainability.
Heritage is blended with innovation as seen during the process of restoring historical buildings with traditional ironworking techniques to preserve historical integrity.
Contemporary ironmongers also embrace modern technology. Computer-aided design (CAD) and advanced manufacturing techniques allow intricate and precise ironwork. Sustainability in ironwork is also in place today: scrap iron is recycled and energy-efficient production methods are also used.
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The journey of iron from the Industrial Revolution to modern times showcases its value in society. Advancements in production techniques and diverse applications have solidified iron’s role as a cornerstone of Britain’s industrial and architectural achievements.
Even today, Iron remains integral to Britain’s architectural and industrial landscape, iron continues to shape Britain’s built environment and cultural heritage, by preserving historical structures and transforming modern designs.
Visit our showroom for a wide range of products and services to meet your needs, whether you’re inspired by historical ironwork or seeking contemporary designs made with passion and have an everlasting legacy of iron craftsmanship.
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Discover more from G Johns & Sons with our blog, find out about the history of ironmongery, what architectural ironmongery is and how to stop your doors from sticking.